Ordinary Or Proportionate Care

In clinical terms, common or proportionate consideration, which is helpful, valuable, and not preposterously difficult to the patient, is ethically mandatory. Then again, uncommon or lopsided consideration, which may incorporate outlandish, trial, or exorbitantly difficult medicines that are probably not going to profit a patient or that incorporate irrational costs comparative with benefits, isn't ethically required, however a patient may decide to acknowledge it.The classes of proportionate and unbalanced consideration in this way, permit us to explore between two risky limits: the essentials that would have us save life no matter what by any and all conceivable means without respect for the weights forced on the patient, and the passivity that would entice us to abandon gravely sick patients before their time and abuse their privileges to life and fundamental care.In the instance of Roger Allen, his mandate not to experience medical procedure any longer if there is no assurance th at he will recoup and expect a typical life depends to his right side as a person to choose what he needs to do with his body and to be shielded from undesirable impedance from others. In his point of view, Mr. Allen might be feeling that the weights of treatment in wording torment, exertion and costs are lopsided comparative with the foreseen advantages of the treatment.In the primary spot, there is no assurance that the medical procedure will reestablish his wellbeing. On the off chance that it falls flat, it is possible that he will kick the bucket or he lives, just to be a weight to his two little girls and family members as far as budgetary expenses just as endeavors of providing care, also the passionate agony that his girls and family members will understanding because of his condition. Then again, on the off chance that we take a gander at the daughters’ point of view, it is just normal that they will attempt to debilitate any way to spare their father’s life.I f medical procedure fizzles and at long last their dad kicks the bucket, in any event their brains and hearts find a sense of contentment realizing that they have put forth a valiant effort to spare him as opposed to being tormented for the remainder of their lives with the possibility that they could have attempted at that remote possibility to spare him. As I would see it be that as it may, the solicitation of the little girls to screen their father’s condition after medical procedure for a half year is excessively long. I figure one to two months would be sufficiently long. By that range of time, the clinical experts would have the option to evaluate if there is improvement and a possibility that the dad will recover.Also in that length of time, the daughters’ choice may likewise change considering the physical, mental and passionate cost that they had encountered being taken care of by their dad. With respect to the specialist, I believe that he has no other decisi on yet to demand the father’s wish. He himself, can't ensure the achievement of the medical procedure and clinical treatment may just draw out the desolation of everybody concerned. Moreover, in his point of view, ending clinical systems that are troublesome, hazardous, remarkable, or lopsided to the normal result can be legitimate.No question, Mr. Allen’s treatment falls under this classification since the indicative tests uncover critical mind harm and inside seeping of obscure beginning, requiring exploratory medical procedure. For his situation, one doesn't will to cause demise; one's failure to obstruct it is simply acknowledged. The choice is made by the patient himself accepting that he is skillful and capable or, if not, by those lawfully qualified for represent the patient, whose sensible will and genuine interests should consistently be regarded.

Dramatic tension for the audience Essay

In the play, â€Å"A View From The Bridge†, Arthur Miller gave the crowd a feeling that the Italian workers weren’t welcome to the USA. The scene is set in New York and it identifies with six principle characters, who are for the most part people and assume extraordinary jobs. Arthur Miller was conceived on October seventeenth in 1915 in New York City. He was an unmistakable figure in American writing and his vocation as an author spread over more than seven decades. He is considered by crowds as one of Americas’ most prominent play authors, and his plays are broadly perceived all through the world. The play is set in Red Hook. The principle center and stage is the Carbones’ living and lounge area. Alfieri imagines that people in general don't acknowledge legal counselors or ministers since he says â€Å"You perceive how precariously they gesture to me? That’s on the grounds that I am a legal counselor. In this area to meet a legal counselor or a minister on the road is unfortunate. We’re just idea of regarding fiascos, and they’d rather not get too close†. A slight of doubt lies in the area since he can detect that the law wasn’t a neighborly thought since the Greeks were beaten. Individuals have revealed to him that the local do not have a component of â€Å"elegance and glamour†. The area comprised of longshoremen and their spouses and fathers and granddads and needy individuals. Red Hook was considered a serious hazardous spot however now it’s â€Å"quite cultivated, very American†. Alfieri can predict the remainder of story as he tells the crowd that they should watch the circumstance â€Å"run its ridiculous course†, and followed that by presenting Eddie Carbone by saying â€Å"this one’s name was Eddie Carbone†. The manner in which Arthur Miller utilizes Alfieri to state â€Å"this one’s†, shows that Alfieri has seen this multiple occasions previously and is giving us a clue that the play won't end well. Eddie is presented in front of an audience by pitching coins with the men, in which he featured from them, â€Å"He is forty-an imposing, marginally overweight longshoreman. When Eddie enters his condo and meets Catherine, there is a significant inviting climate however this progressions immediately when Eddie scrutinizes the manner in which Catherine strolls and her appearance. The discussion closes when Eddie says that Beatrice’s cousins are coming. Here we can get the inclination that Eddie has unfamiliar sexual emotions and is exceptionally possessive over Catherine. While the family were sitting tight for Beatrice’s cousins, Eddie is recounting to the account of Vinny Bolzano. The story has a noteworthy significance since this play likewise has a comparable story as Bolzano. Mill operator utilizes Eddie as the individual who illuminates the migration about Beatrice’s cousins (simply like the little fellow did to his uncle in Bolzano’s story). Marco gives off an impression of being dubious at first. He is very solid towards Eddie and gives him control of when he expects them to leave. There is a moment response where Rodolfo is presented, we can see Catherine is pulled in by his appearance, she asked him numerous inquiries like â€Å"How come he’s so dim and you’re so light, Rodolfo† (you can perceive how she simply tended to the inquiry legitimately to Rodolfo). Catherine additionally is shocked, as she said to Beatrice â€Å"He’s basically fair! â€Å". Eddie anyway accept that he is gay since he has light hair and sings the melody â€Å"Paper Doll†. Eddie doesn’t comprehend the law since he doesn’t see the need of acquiring proof to demonstrate Rodolfo blameworthy. He just accept that Rodolfo needs to wed Catherine for the option to remain and turn into an American resident. It is hard for Eddie to communicate his feelings since he has private emotions towards Catherine. Alfieri’s counsel to Eddie was to advise the movement with regards to how Beatrice’s cousins entered the nation illicitly. At first Eddie is stunned at the counsel and says â€Å"Oh, Jesus, no, I wouldn’t do nothin’ about that†. Alfieri additionally exhorted Eddie to figure out how to release Catherine. He says â€Å"The kid needs to grow up and leave, and the man needs to figure out how to overlook. † Eddie wouldn't like to release Catherine. This could bring about two endings, either Eddie squeals on Rodolfo and Marco or lets his niece carry on with her life the manner in which she needs to. Catherine begins a discussion about the spots where Marco and Rodolfo have been to. Eddie doesn’t appear to be too persuaded when Catherine says they’ve been to Africa, and says â€Å"it’s genuine Eddie†. Mill operator utilizes his stage headings to show that Eddie is just getting some information about the spots they have visited. At that point the discussion redirects to Catherine getting some information about oranges and lemons developing on trees. Eddie answers legitimately to Marco. He turns out to be extremely forceful and inconsiderate when Rodolfo intercedes. Eddie gets extremely threatening and snaps back at Rodolfo by saying â€Å"I realize lemons are green, for Christ’s purpose, you see them in the store they’re green at times. I said oranges they paint, I didn’t state nothin’ about lemons. â€Å". Another episode rises when Eddie has a discussion about how he can instruct boxing to Rodolfo. Eddie singles out Rodolfo and attempts to threaten and disparage him. The two of them toss in some light punches yet Eddie becomes overzealous and brushes Rodolfo. Catherine is astounded and Eddie answers â€Å"Why? I didn’t hurt him. Did I hurt you kid? â€Å". Marco had understood that Eddie was troubled by Rodolfo. Marco indicated his quality towards Eddie by raising the seat over his head. He does this to make Eddie mindful that on the off chance that anything happens to Rodolfo, Eddie should pay dearly. Arthur Miller shows that Marco has had enough and comprehends what’s going on, the stage bearings portrays Marco with â€Å"a stressed strain grasping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff†, he additionally utilized an analogy â€Å"the seat raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head†. Eddie then acknowledges what Marco implied, his â€Å"grin evaporates as he ingests his looks. â€Å". This gives us that Marco’s hamartia is Rodolfo.

The Fight for the Ordination of Women in the Roman Catholic Church Ess

Women of the Catholic Church have been rejected from holding significant positions of authority since forever. While the more subordinate ladies of the early Catholic Church once acknowledged this view, Catholic ladies around the globe are currently testing it. Various mainstream and strict impacts in the course of the most recent couple of decades have engaged ladies to discover their voice and take a stand in opposition to this long-standing convention of segregation (Henold 15). In spite of the entirety of the discussion and the deficiency of ministers, the Catholic Church has not waivered in its conviction against the appointment of ladies into organization. To increase a superior comprehension of this discussion, one must inspect the history and yearnings of the Catholic women's activist development, just as the thinking behind the church’s choice to maintain this long-standing convention. In the beginning of the Catholic Church, exacting rules were put on ladies to guarantee that they were unadulterated, household, and accommodating. They were required to fit in with the model of the â€Å"eternal woman† by surrendering any close to home wants and giving up themselves to God (Henold 25). This perfect lady was depicted in a production called The Eternal Women, which was written in 1934 by a German student of history by the name of Gertrud von Le Fort (Henold 26). Le Fort communicated that ladies were doled out the obligation of penance, and keeping in mind that men needed to forfeit too, it was not in their temperament. It was normal that a lady must acquiescence to her significant other in all parts of life, including choices relating to kid bearing (Henold 27). She utilized the Virgin Mary for instance of give up, by clarifying that Mary gave up herself to God while tolerating her job as the mother of Jesus (Henold 27). ... ...ntinue battling for equivalent rights in any event, when confronted with banishment. The Vatican gave an announcement in May of 2008 saying that all ladies ministers and the religious administrators who appointed them would be suspended (â€Å"Roman Catholic†). Notwithstanding endless dangers to supporters, the Association of Roman Catholic Women Priests is picking up help as they keep on appointing ladies into organization and build up gatherings around the world. It is hard to foresee what's in store for the ladies of the Catholic Church. In spite of the fact that they have discovered achievement in certain regions in their battle for correspondence, the Vatican has stayed reliable in its refusal to permit the appointment of ladies into brotherhood even into the current day. It is obvious that regardless of what choices are made later on, this will proceed be a subject of consistent discussion and pressure in the Catholic Church.

Integration Of WLAN With UMTS - Free Essay Example

Integration Of WLAN With UMTS ABSTRACT: Future generation wireless networks are expected to support multiple wireless access Technologies, each with different access bandwidth and coverage range. Two of these technologies include Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Provision of real time ubiquitous communication to mobile users, anywhere, anytime through these heterogeneous networks remains a challenge. This work proposes an end-to-end mobility management solution that enables mobile users to maintain seamless connectivity while moving across such heterogeneous access networks. The continuous network connectivity is obtained through the use of mobile devices equipped with dual network interfaces and the capability to switch data transmission between these interfaces depending upon the availability of the access network. We present and discuss the design of such a dual- mode radio access device and propose a simple inter-technology handoff technique. We evaluate the performance of our proposed architecture by conducting experimental simulation tests using OPNET. 1. INTRODUCTION The Mobile communications and wireless networks are developing at a rapid pace. Advanced techniques are emerging in both these disciplines. There exists a strong need for integrating WLANs with UMTS to develop hybrid mobile data networks capable of data services and very high data rates in hotspots. UMTS systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) can provide mobility over a large coverage area, but with relatively low speeds of the one hundred and forty four kilo bit per second. On other hand, WLANs provide high speed data services (up to 11 Mbits/sec with 802.11b) over a geographically smaller area. WLANs are generally used to supplement the available bandwidth and capacity of a UMTS network in hotspot areas such as railways and airports with high traffic-densities, without sacrificing the capacity provided to cellular users. The rest of this project is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief background on UMTS and WLAN networks. Section 3 provides the integrating architecture of WLAN and UMTS. Section 4 provides us the methodology and the design model of the simulation. Section 5 provides us the analysis and results of the simulation. Section 6 discusses the design and simulation of the proposed switching and handoff techniques for roaming between UMTS and WLAN networks. Section 7 we compare two integration architectures connecting UMTS and 802.11 networks. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 Standards of WLAN These standards WLAN [1] have been deployed in offices, homes and public hotspots such as airports and hotels given its low cost, reasonable bandwidth (11Mbits/s), and ease of deployment. However, a serious disadvantage of 802.11 is the small coverage area (up to 300 meters) [2]. Other 802.11 standards include 802.11a and 802.11g, which allow bit rates of up to 54 Mbits/sec. 2.2 UMTS Networks: ITU defines UMTS as any device that can transmit or receive data at 144 Kbps or better [3]. In practice, UMTS devices can transfer data at up to 384 Kbps. As a comparison, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) data rates are up to 14.4 Kbps and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is around 53.6 Kbps used in 2G and 2.5G respectively. Two main proposed systems for UMTS recognized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA 2000) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) [4]. UMTS is composed of two different but related Modes. Wideband CDMA. FDD mode is considered the main technology for UMTS. Separate 5 MHz carrier frequencies are used for the uplink and downlink respectively, allowing an end-user data rate up to 384 Kbits/sec. 2.3 UMTS Network Architecture: A UMTS network consists of three interacting domains- a Core Network (CN), Radio Access Network (RAN) and the User Equipment (UE) also called a UMTS mobile station [3, 13]. UMTS operation utilizes two standard suites: UMTS and CDMA2000 which have minor differences with respect to the components they have in the RAN and the CN. The main function of UMTS core network is to provide transit, routing and switching for user traffic. It also contains the databases management functions. The CN is divided into Circuit-switched (CS) and Packet-switched (PS) domains. The elements of Circuit switched include Visitor Location Register (VLR), and gateway MSC. These entities are common to UMTS as well as the CDMA2000 standards. The differences in the CN with respect to the two standards lie in the PS domain. Packet-switched elements in UMTS include (SGSN and GGSN) CDMA2000 packet-switched component is primarily the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN). Some network elements like Equipment Identity Register (EIR), Home Location Register (HLR) are shared by both domains. The main function of the MSC server is to handle call-control for circuit-based services including bearer services, etc. The MSC server also provides mobility management, connection management and capabilities for mobile multimedia as well as generation of charging information. It can also be co-located with the Visitor Location Register (VLR). GGSN is the gateway to external data networks. It supports control signalling towards external IP networks for authentication and IP-address allocation, and mobility within the mobile network. GGSN provides functions for forwarding and handling user information (IP packets) to and from external networks (Internet/intranets). SGSN provides session management, i.e. mechanisms for establishment, maintenance and release of end user Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts. It also provides mobility management and supports inter-system handoff between mobile networks. SGSN also supports generation of charging information. The PDSN incorporates numerous functions within one node. Routing packets to the IP network, assignment of dynamic IP-addresses and maintaining point-to-point protocol (PPP) sessions are some of its main functions. It also initiates the authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) for the mobile station. The radio access network provides the air interface access method for the user equipment. And UMTS RAN (UTRAN) consists of Radio Network Controllers (RNC) and Base Stations (BS) or Node-B. The RNCs manage several concurrent Radio Link Protocol (RLP) sessions with the User Equipments and per-link bandwidth management. It administers the Node-B for congestion control and loading. It also executes admission control and channel code allocation for new radio links to be established by the Node-B. A CDMA2000 RAN consists of a base station and 2 logical components- the Packet Control Function (PCF) and the Radio Resources Control (RRC). The primary function of the PCF is to establish, maintain and terminate connections to the PDSN. The PCF communicates with the RRC to request and manage radio resources in order to relay packets to and from the mobile station. It also collects accounting information and for wards it to the PDSN. RRC supports authentication and authorization of the mobile station for radio access and supports air interface encryption to the mobile station. 3. WLAN AND UMTS INTEGRATION ARCHITECTURES UMTS and WLAN Networks have been integrated with different approaches and strategies. The two most commonly used approaches are tight and loose internetworking. Other strategies are modifications of these two basic approaches. In the tight internetworking approach, the WLAN network does not appear to the UMTS core network as an external packet data network. Instead, it appears simply as another UMTS Radio Access Network. WLAN network in this case emulates several functions of the UMTS RAN. This is made possible by employing a specialized WLAN gateway in between the UMTS core network and the WLAN network that hides the details of the 802.11 network and implements all UMTS protocols required in the UMTS Radio Access Network. The architecture is capable of providing roaming services to users with dual stack (UMTS and 802.11) network cards in their mobile devices. Using this approach, both the networks often share common billing and authentication mechanisms. However, all traffic from th e WLAN network passes through the UMTS core network, which could cause it to become a bottleneck. Tight internetworking also requires common ownership of the two networks that does not make it a very feasible deployment strategy. However, tight internetworking does offer high security mechanisms as the UMTS security protocols can be reused in the WLAN network. It also provides fast handoffs as roaming between the two networks is the same as moving between two RANs of the same UMTS network (since the WLAN network appears as a different Routing Area only). Loose internetworking, on the other hand the WLAN gateway directly connected to the Internet and does not have any direct link to UMTS network elements. In contrast to tight coupling, the WLAN data traffic does not pass through the UMTS core network but goes directly to the IP network (Internet). In this approach, different mechanisms and protocols can handle authentication, billing and mobility management in the UMTS and WLAN portions of the network. Loose coupling has low investment costs and permits independent deployment and traffic engineering of the WLAN and UMTS networks. Other UMTS-WLAN internetworking strategies and their features are summarized in the given table. The internetworking architecture of Mobile IP [5] considers WLANs and UMTS network as independent. Which allows the easy deployment of but suffers from functions, real tome services and long handoff latency. The gateway approach [10] permits the 2 network independent operation which then gives facility of seamless roaming between the networks. Both networks are connects via virtual GPRS support node using a new logical node. The use of Mobile IP is not required in the gateway approach which has a loss during handoff comparatively lower packet. It is difficult to deploy emulator approach [5] when it requires ownership of the both two networks but due to low handoff latency yield make it much better suited for real-time applications well suited. At last the peer-networks [12] approach allows the deployment easily but also suffers from Table 1: UMTS-WLAN internetworking strategies Comparison Internetworking Approach Handoff Latency Network Management and Ownership Authentication Billing Real time application support Mobile-IP approach High Separate ownership of UMTS and WLAN networks permitted with agreements of roaming UMTS cellular AAA rescue functions WLANs Billing Feature UMTS users No Gateway approach Low Permits UMTS and WLAN networks to operate independently Can provide both, separate WLAN security as well as UMTS AAA Can provide separate as well as combined billing mechanism Yes Emulator approach Low Combined ownership required Can provide both, separate WLAN security as well as UMTS AAA Uses UMTS billing mechanism Yes Tight coupling Low Generally requires both WLAN and UMTS networks to be owned by same operator UMTS ciphering key used for WLAN encryption UMTS accounting features re-used Yes Loose coupling High Permits independent deployment of WLAN and UMTS networks. Cellular access gateway provides authentication Billing mediator to provide common accounting Not very Suitable Peer networks approach High Both, same or different operator ownership permitted The Use of AAA functionality of the UMTS network Billing feature of UMTS network used Not very suitable high handoff delays, thereby making it unsuitable for real-time applications. The choice of the integration architecture is important since multiple integration points exist with different cost- performance benefits for different scenarios. 4. METHODOLOGY AND MODEL DESIGN 4.1: Performance Matrices: Both the systems are working at the data session set up delay, interaction of protocol along the dedicated channel utilization (DCH), time of download response FTP and web page. The system control level of interaction protocols can plane signalling message by transactions which is between the nodes of the systems. At the model verification process interaction metric was simulation and used between the both network UMTS and WLAN is accurately modelled. The active UMTS number of dedicated channels is known as the DCH utilization c. After the measuring of different channels the small value is consider best and in the UMTS and WLAN system this is proposed. When the first response packet is received between an application and clients requesting service to the time is known as setup delay of data session and consist of PDP context, time to establish a TCP connection the Radio Access Bearer. The elapses time for getting a request between receiving and sending of the file FTP response time and setup connection is also included in it. The web page response time to retrieve the HTML page along with its component in the required time. When application is reduced to Access Network of WLAN to shifting the benefits of data users are demonstrated and were measured by both application delay performance. In the UMTS DCH cell state the UWs and UEs were run in the simulation which shows that downlink and uplink traffic of the UMTS was sent to the de dicated channel of UMTS. 4.2: SIMULATION FACTORS: The simulation factors in this integration are application profile, number of clients, access mode, and number of clients while the application profiles Using the Wireless Client Light, Traffic Models, FTP Fixed File Size, Wireless Client Heavy and the simulation was run. For a particular client more then one profile can be cond. From one to hundred MB FTP file size was running the simulation. Due to simulation factors both the UMTS DCH channels and WLAN determine the traffic channel. The UW in UMTS and WLAN mode is used by Interface of WLAN. With thirty clients to gain access the simulation was run to the channel of WLAN and the client access mode setting is depend on it. For both traffic loads can be measured by combining profile of application. 4.3: Technique of Evaluation The outcome can greatly impact the performance evaluation of technique of this selection. Measurement, analytic and simulation are the performance technique of evaluation and in cost, accuracy and required time are not the same as. The less accuracy is given by the solution of analytic and is consuming time and is cheap as compared to the simulation. And due to this simulation the analysis of this performance is avoided. In the model verification process analytic method is used. 4.4 Traffic Model The wireless data user generates traffic used by the OPNET application profile to closely simulate. E-mail, FTP and HTTP profiles were used in application profile. File transfer protocol send file in between server and client. The file get and put command allow user for transferring data and for which transfer protocol is TCP by default. Type of service, inter request time file size and the command mix are the attributes of FTP. POP and simple mail transfer protocol of email application use a default TCP. The email application includes the attributes are Type of Service, Receive Group Size, Send Group Size, Send Inter arrival Time and email size. Web browsing is HTTP application and from a server page is downloaded by the users including graphics and texts. Multiple TCP connections are open in result a single HTTP page request. The http includes the attributes of Pages per Server, Server Selection- Initial Repeat Probability, Pipeline Buffer Size, Page Properties- Object Size, Type of Service Max idle period and HTTP Specification. 4.5: Simulation Scenarios: Access network used is the basic difference between the three scenarios. The traffic model and simulation factors varied these scenarios. The performance here is measured by performance metrics. In Existing WLAN vs WLAN-UMTS Scenario the FTP application running by a user a single wire client simulation. The aim of the scenario is the difference interworked WLAN-UMTS system from the existing one. The application response time data session set-up time were evaluated for both systems. The network traffic load varies with size of FTP. A client can access the network by access point in the simulation by the Existing UMTS vs WLAN-UMTS scenario. In term of application response time and DCH utilisation the above systems were evaluated. Through UWLAN_AP number of UWs getting the network of UMTS on the simulation of WLAN-UMTS. Client running FTP application measures the download response time for both. 4.6: Simulation Design The OPNET Modeler 9.0 was used for the approach of top-down design in this simulation. The hierarchical structure of processes, nodes and network scenarios are used in it. The user defined and built-in OPNET processes were used in the design of UW and UWLAN_AP. State diagram uses process level that describe the UW_MAC_IF_Contro and UWLAN_AP Controller. The built-in OPNET functions and C code defines the user defined process actions in every single simulation. To gain network access through UMTS Node B the UW was augmented. An alternative radio access is formed due to the Interworking the WLAN technology into UMTS as created by the UW and UWLAN_AP in the simulation frame work. 4.6.1: Network Level Through UWLAN_AP to CN at the gains access by UW through the RNC to Node B at UMTS client access WLAN client access mode. Initialisation of network is at start up of the simulation. At the authentication of UMTS network when UW power on for GMM_Attach procedure performing. UW is register for the services of GPRS network in GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) Attach procedure by establish a PS signalling connection with the SGSN by notifying SGSN. Explicitly models between UE and SGSN of GMM attach procedure in the OPNET UMTS model set. 4.6.2: The Enhanced WLAN Access Point Node This includes the UMTS specific ATM interface module, physical (PHY), WLAN medium access control (MAC), a, and user-defined process module and a full ATM stack. The standard model set of WLAN MAC and PHY gives implementation of the 802.11 standard of protocol level. ATM and AAL5 protocols are implemented by the ATM stack. UMTS specific ATM interface provided by UMTS specialized model set that maps ATM and UMTS QoS and between the components of UMTS controls the virtual circuit. The Interworking of WLAN infrastructure BSS at the RNC is the responsibility of user-defined UWLAN_AP_Control process module and by teardown and RB (Radio Bearer) installation and RAB (Radio Access Bearer) by controlling. 4.6.3: UWLAN_AP_Control Process Module: An alternate radio access network into UMTS system by the by the control logic of WLAN interworked is provided by this module. To build the access control table which perform GMM attach by UW in the Modified_GMM_Attach_Request message in the UWLAN_AP. Using the M-state , Mac address and triplet IMSI adds a UW entry to WLAN_AP. The RAB_Assignment procedures and PDP_Context_Activation are implemented in this process. Four control and three initialization states are in this state diagram. States functions are given below: INIT: Statics can be collected in the stage variables which are initializes in this stage process in the model-wide process for registry. Wait and init2 schedule self interrupts to initialise ATM PVCs and lower layer WLAN MAC. Idle: Packets arrival from the ATM interface and WLAN MAC are associated in this. The packet associated with UWs IMSI and UMTS message type is responsibility of this state. From_UW: The transmission of data by UMTS data traffic is authorised by the UW. The signalling message and data packet processing and Activate_PDP_Request are sending to the ATM interface to the CN. From_CN: The transmission of data by UMTS data traffic is authorised by the UW. The signalling message and data packet processing and Activate_PDP_Request are sending to the WLAN interface the UW. ADM_CNTL: The action required to take by this in the signal messaging handle is by ADM_CNTL. UWLAN_AP monitor track of the UMTS authorized UWs that is build by the access control of the ADM_CTRL and coordinates in the setup procedure of RAB. 4.6.4: Enhanced User Equipment Node (UW): The addition of UE workstation model to WLAN protocol stack for the client access configuration of necessary control logic by UMTS model augments in the model of UW. The UW_MAC_IF_Control and user-defined process module are implemented by control logic.. All are shown in the below . High-fidelity implementation of network and transport layer is provided by standard OPNET TCP/UDP/IP protocol stack. The UMTS control plane the UMTS control plane provides the detail implementation of GMM module and works between SGSN and UW and gives authentication to UMTS PS domain of UW and mobility management. Medium access control layer and UMTS Reliable Link Control are implemented and provided by RLC/MAC module. The radio accessing signals are implemented by the MAC portion. The radio interface switching is between the WLAN and UMTS radio stack. The setting of Client Access Mode to WLAN and WLAN MAC to the UW_MAC_IF_Control through the UWLAN_ AP when using WLAN. 4.6.5 Core Network (CN): The core network contains the SGSN, GGSN, visitor location centre, authentication centre and connectivity to RNCs and UWLAN_AP provided by 8 ATM layer interface. The IP routing stack is modelled in the GGSN of IP gateway functionality. 4.6.6: SGSN Process Module: The Session Management (SM) protocols and GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) are the 2 system networks models of this process module. The packet data protocol (PDP) known as packet data session are established due to various Service Request_* and PDP_Activate_* messages at the network of UMTS. Radio Access barer is established between its SGSN and UE. 4.7: Simulation Verification and Validation: The verification and validation of the sections ensure that the simulation is corrected in representative and implementing. 4.7.1: Model Verification: The process which determines that the functions of simulated model are working correctly is known as verification model. Testing for logical errors, computer codes debugging, different modules testing functionality includes in this. Due to the interactive control of the users the ODB (OPNET Simulation Debugger) provides investigation of the simulation through break points to give information of objects and events. For every message trace is created for the verification of access control protocol and user-defined authentication. In the appendix the results of traces can be seen. The verification process is passed through the access control protocol and user defied authentication. The WLAN and UMTS models are tested which is required. For various WLAN and UMTS nodes for the correct operation of verification short simulation were run. In the same way both models were verified. The OPNET Technologies model documentation results were compared to the simulation results [25]. 4.7.2: Model Validation: The theoretical results or real system measurements by using expert intuition can validate the simulation [22]. Real system measurements and results of out put simulations is the best way to model validating. Implementation dependent in backside server network gives delay. A constant delay in slow-start algorithm and TCP connection setup is assumed. The PCF signalling delays and link transmission delays were considered in small delays and considered to zero there node delay. Calculation in matleb was theoretical results and simulation results are close to it. 5. Results and Analysis The result of simulation and their analysis are discussed in this chapter. 5.1 Statistical Accuracy: In simulation the measure of uncertainty is introduce in the stochastic processes. The different generator seeds give different results in the simulation. Every set of input parameters were run at 5 different seeds in the simulation model of this research. The single UW in the WLAN Client results for FTP download in the FTP application traffic is given. For the all file sizes there is a difference of one percent in FTP response time between minimum and maximum. FTP Filesize 1 B 100KB 800KB 1.5 MB 7MB 12MB 15MB 30MB 40MB 60 Seed 1 0.194574 1.177744 6.337744 11.71774 52.45774 89.95774 112.5177 223.9377 298.0577 448.7377 Seed 2 0.188612 1.190725 6.350725 11.73073 52.47073 89.97073 112.5307 223.9307 298.0707 448.7507 Seed 3 0.183707 1.203707 6.363707 11.74371 52.48371 89.78371 112.4086 223.7437 297.8837 448.5637 Seed 4 0.190725 1.068612 6.428612 11.60861 52.54861 89.84861 112.3437 223.8546 297.9546 448.6086 Seed 5 0.197744 1.094574 6.454574 11.63457 52.57457 89.87457 112.4346 223.8086 297.9486 448.6346 Mean 0.191072 1.147072 6.387072 11.68707 52.50707 89.88707 112.4471 223.8551 297.9831 448.6591 95%CI: 0.184352 1.071135 6.323218 11.61113 52.44322 89.79029 112.3503 223.7529 297.8847 448.5574 0.197793 1.22301. 6.450927 11.76301 52.57093 89.98386 112.5439 223.9573 298.0815 448.7607 Table 2: WLAN Client Access and FTP Download Response Time The next one is for the WLAN-UMTS scenario that gives HTTP page response. UWs 20 18 16 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 Seed1 12.432839 9.167257 8.251739 8.116110 8.385436 8.096770 7.359587 7.627617 8.387927 7.525191 Seed2 13.416985 8.911012 8.658675 8.086360 7.534312 8.096770 7.651648 7.722649 7.751405 8.666523 Seed3 13.667978 8.865238 9.02389 8.796989 8.571726 7.673093 7.694435 8.272729 7.446080 7.268593 Seed4 12.710351 9.249344 8.772352 10.255774 8.036825 8.029945 7.695623 7.315788 7.261536 7.848843 Seed5 13.161796 8.891231 8.517017 8.068062 8.243471 7.538070 7.461991 7.967559 7.586461 7.821761 Mean: 13.077990 9.016817 8.644735 8.664659 8.154354 7.886930 7.572657 7.781268 7.686682 7.826182 95% CI: 12.450649 8.795917 8.287612 7.496688 7.660177 7.560854 7.382510 7.333671 7.151045 7.172729 13.705330 9.237717 9.001858 9.832630 8.648531 8.213006 7.762803 8.228865 8.222319 8.479636 Table 3: UMTS Client Access Mode and HTTP Response Time for UWs With the different seed value the mean value of these simulations runs with the all data points in this section. In appendix the complete individual simulation are present. 5.2 THE Existing WLAN-UMTS Vs UMTS Scenario Results: The UMTS system is compared to the benefits of the Existing one with the scenario WLAN UMTS is demonstrated in this section. 5.2.1 Dedicated Channel (DCH) Utilization: To continue providing services the main aim of this integrating was the resources to free them thats why the node B was examining for the for dedicated channels numbers due to the network of UMTS finite resources and importance of voice channels. With the client data of 20 wireless users this test was conducted with the Email and FTP applications and specifically the mix of web. Operation in the cell of UMTS the 20 UW nodes are present in the baseline system. For all 20 clients UMTS was set for the first run simulation. Approximately sixty five percent of the DCH channels are reduced which can be seen in the below. The two different traffic profiles results are shown in the given subsections: 5.2.2 Application Response Time: In WLAN Client Access Mode UW operating was replaced by UE node. The available bandwidth was increased for the hot spots data user in this WLAN and UMTS integration. The decrease in the response time of FTP download can be presented in the below diagram. As the dedicated channels are not allocated dynamically thats why the available UMTS channel was used insufficient by the system. The DCH channels are allocated by the RNC dynamically. Wireless Client Light Traffic Profile This application shows that the web page response and the FTP download there is a significant decrease WLAN access network in the UMTS data services. Systematically the number of users of wireless data users varies in both the system scalability. The conduction of the test was in Wireless_Client_Light application profile with no of data users. The above shows that 2 to 30 users were increased in the wireless data users and in the same graph the response of both were plotted as well. When the users were more then twenty seven then the performance of FTP is little decrease which can be seen in the . When the users were greater than 25 then there is a sharp increase in the UMTS access network in application response time because the network saturation experience starts with 18 users. A significant increase is in queued request for services when the users are increased to 30. 5.3 Results Existing WLAN vs WLAN-UMTS The UMTS signalling were incorporated as result of delay in the initial setup in the encounter of UW and the performance measure of the initial setup delay are proposed in the system of WLAN and UMTS per packet. 5.3.2 Delay of Application The WLAN infrastructure BSS with UMTS session management protocol interworked additional per packet delay is demonstrated in this section. The network traffic load increases systematically with FTP file size. The node of WLAN was replaced by node of UW through WLAN network access in UMTS utilizing. The network access is gained by the WLAN client through WLAN Access Point to download 30 Mega byte file in sixty five seconds. 5.4 UMTS Results Mixed Client Access WLAN In normal range of operating conditions in the interworked system of WLAN UMTS of the above mentioned scenario. The UMTS signalling protocol was demonstrated correctly in this section. 5.4.1 UMTS Signalling: In UMTS and WLAN client access mode attach GMM service activation delays and PDP context activation was demonstrated in this section. With in 300 meter twenty clients were connected to the WLAN access network and operating through access point of WLAN. UMTS PDP Context Signalling The UMTS PDP context activation process operation was demonstrated in this section. The class traffic and requested quality of services profile are included in the PDP context activation. RAB establishment for the active PDP was used by Service Request procedure. When the resources are available due to the serviced higher priority traffic the lower priority has to wait and established sixty PDP contexts in the configuration. UMTS Service Request Signalling The UMTS service request operation was demonstrated correctly in this section. In QoS the establishment of PDP context couldnt be deactivated by the model and reused the PDP context for data sequence subsequent. The procedure of service request used in RAB establishment associated with QoS upon data packet receipt. 5.4.2 The Traffic Load Wireless Client Light The UMTS access network and UWLAN-AP accessed the services of UMTS data in UWs. UMTS parameterized traffic load capabilities are interworked system of WLAN and UMTS demonstration is the purpose of this section. In simulation client access vary from zero WLAN and twenty UMTS, twenty WLAN and zero UMTS, eighteen WLAN and 2 UMTS. The UMTS access networks and UWLAN_AP varying the network load results systematically. For services there were 0 queued for UW assessing the UMTS network but the UWs number were increased and dramatically increased in Queued request service and the denied or delay increased for the requested service as number increases. The FTP application traffic results similar demonstration in the given . Accessing UMTS network takes large for the accessing UWs in FTP download response time. Half were accessing the WLAN access network at instance operating point and half were accessing UMTS and download web page in sixteen seconds. 5.4.3 Wireless Client Heavy Traffic Load: Traffic load were heavier significantly in WLAN access network capabilities which are demonstrated in this section. In order to stress the WLAN channel file of size and with greater object with higher rate of email request was parameterized in wireless client application profile. The number of UWs varies from two to thirty for FTP download response time as shown in the below . The application response time has significant impact beyond the adding user over twenty three running mix application traffic. Twenty users operating at thirty seven seconds in FTP download response time. Downloading a web page with 2 seconds average per user of the twenty users and in sixteen seconds when users are increases to thirty When ranging the two users from two users of WLAN offer load time is varying which can be seen in the given . WLAN load increases with 1.2Mb/sec with no load and twice at peak to 4 MB/sec with two users. The needed bandwidth were getting by the users of lightly loaded by the WLAN access network and this result was produced by the twenty and twenty three users but reached 7 MB/sec at peak and to reach saturation at WLAN channel caused by thirty users. In FCP mode maximum through put approach to 11Mb/sec. 6. DESIGN OF DUAL-MODE TERMINAL AND HANDOFF MECHANISM A network simulation model was constructed using OPNET 10.0.A simulator [10]. Fig. 4 illustrates the network level view of the simulated network topology. It is composed of a WLAN network (hotspot) of radius 150 meters located within a UMTS cell. The two networks are integrated at the GGSN node. The topology chosen for our simulation tests corresponds to real-world scenarios where a WLAN network serves as a hotspot within a UMTS network. Such hotspots can be found in office buildings, hotels, airports, train/bus stations, cafs etc. WLAN is a low cost broadband technology; however it does not provide end-to-end coverage. The topology can be a good example of a scenario where a corporate user uses the WLAN in his office building and as he steps out of the building, he uses the UMTS network (in this case UMTS). The WLAN network is within the coverage of a UMTS network. Another example that reflects such a setup is as follows: a typical user on the way to his office might roam from a hom e WLAN network onto a UMTS network then onto a public WLAN hotspot, say in a cafe, and then back onto a UMTS network and then finally onto an enterprise WLAN. Thus the description of the 3G-WLAN architecture simulated topology closely represents actual user mobility scenarios. The different entities of the two networks (WLAN and 3G) described in the topology are however, generic to all cases. The UMTS network is composed of a UTRAN (RNC and Node B) and a UMTS core network (SGSN and GGSN). Details of 3G network components are outlined in [3]. RNC: Radio Network Controller SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node WLAN: Serving GPRS Support Node. In the simulated network topology, the mobile node is a Dual Mode Terminal (DMT) with both a UMTS interface as well as a WLAN interface. We have designed and implemented a software layer called the Switching Module incorporated into the protocol stacks. The Switching Module also makes intelligent interface selection in the presence of overlapped coverage between UMTS and WLAN networks. During the course of the simulation, the DMT powers up in the UMTS cell and start moving at a speed of 30 miles/hr. The DMT follows a predefined trajectory . The mobility of the DMT causes it to make handoffs from the UMTS to the WLAN Network (upon entering the WLAN network) and vice versa (upon exiting from the WLAN coverage area). The UMTS and WLAN networks are integrated at the GGSN node. The WLAN network is considered as a separate packet data network. However, the WLAN coverage area is completely within the UMTS coverage area. When the DMT powers on, it first completes GPRS Attach signalling procedure signalling. The Next, DMT activates a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context in the GGSN. A PDP context is a logical association between a mobile node and a 3G network. The PDP context defines aspects such as QoS, security, billing etc. Upon receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request, the SGSN sends a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Assignment Request to the RNC along with the QoS requested. The UTRAN performs admission control to determine if the request can be granted. If the request can be granted, the RNC sends a Radio Bearer Setup request to the DMT. On receipt of the Radio Bearer Setup request, the DMT sets up the channel as specified in the request and send a Radio Bearer Complete to the RNC. When the RNC receives the Radio Bearer Complete, it sends a RAB Assignment Response, which includes the granted QoS, to the SGSN/GGSN. The DMT can send packets to the destination on receipt of the Activate PDP Context Accept message from the SGSN. Before reaching their destination, these packets are first tunnelled through the serving RNC and GGSN (using the GTP protocol), and then routed through the IP cloud to their destination node. The DMT then moves while transmitting and receiving packets using its UMTS in INTEGRATION interface. These packets are routed through the UMTS core network. At this time, the DMTs WLAN interface is in the passive scan mode and monitors the physical layer for WLAN beacon signals. Upon entering the WLAN coverage area, the WLAN interface receives beacon signals from the WLAN access point. This requires the DMT to initiate a handoff in order to switch to the WLAN access interface. The criterion for interface selection used is the bandwidth of the available access network. We have designed and implemented a Switching Module, which is really a software layer responsible for making the access interface switching decisions, and intelligently selecting an access network in the presence of overlapped coverage. The design of this Switching Module and the handoff signalling procedures are explained in the following sections. The GGSN maintains a table mapping of each subscribers International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI) and IP Address. As the user moves across different networks, it keeps sending update messages to the GGSN about the change in its IP Address. 6.1 Handoff Process between UMTS and WLAN Networks When the DMT enters the WLAN coverage area and receives a beacon signal from the WLAN AP, the WLAN_MAC layer computes the signal strength of the received signal. If the strength of the received signal is greater than the minimum packet-reception power threshold value, then the WLAN_MAC layer sends a message (which includes the BSSID [13]) to the Switching Module, indicating that a WLAN AP has been located. This implies that when the signal from the WLAN access point is not stable enough (or has a value lower than the minimum packet-reception power threshold), the handoff to the WLAN is not initiated. Thus, the case of having a weak radio signal at the boundary is accounted for. However, for a transition from the WLAN to a UMTS network, the detection of a weak WLAN signal leads to the handoff to the UMTS network since the UMTS network is considered as an always-on overlay network having a wider coverage area encompassing the WLAN. If the BSSIDs match, the Switching Module sends a message to the WLAN_MAC layer to begin association with the access-point. Subsequently, the DMT attaches to the WLAN AP. The DMT continues to use both of its radio interfaces for some time: the UMTS interface continues data transmission and reception and the WLAN interface continues to send and receive signalling messages to associate with an access point. This technique is called soft handoff and avoids any disruption of service while switching from the UMTS to the WLAN interface. Once the DMT is completely associated with the WLAN AP, the Switching Module sends an Update Message to the GGSN node with its new IP address. Thereafter, the incoming packets are routed by the GGSN to the WLAN access point and delivered to the DMT through the WLAN interface. When the DMT moves out of coverage of the WLAN network, the WLAN interface detects the reduced strength of the received signal and passes this information to the Switching Module. The Switching Module then sends a message to the GGSN with its UMTS IP address. Thereafter, the packets are tunnelled and routed by the GGSN to the RNC, which routes them to the DMTs UMTS interface. A short handoff delay is observed when the handoff is from the WLAN to the UMTS network. This process called hard handover occurs when the old connection needs to be released before establishing a new connection. The reason for using soft handoff in the UMTS-to-WLAN switching and hard handoff in the WLAN-to-UMTS switching is because the network topology is created in such a way that the WLAN network is completely within the UMTS network. So, any mobile device that is within the WLAN network is technically also within the UMTS network. Therefore, soft handoff can be used while moving from UMTS to WLAN network. In this case, the mobile device can continue to use the UMTS interface until a connection is completely established through the WLAN interface. However, while moving from WLAN network into the UMTS network, the mobile device loses its connection from the WLAN network as it moves out of the WLAN coverage area. There is a short time delay between the loss of the WLAN connection and the establishment of the UMTS connection. In this case, the mobile device cannot use the WLAN connection until a UMTS connection is established since the mobile device moves out of the WLAN area before the UMTS connection is fully established. Thus it is not possible to use soft handoff in this case and hard handoff needs to be implemented. 6.2 Performance Evaluation We evaluated the performance of our dual-mode radio access protocol design and the Switching Module through experimental simulations using various types of applications including: Voice over IP (VoIP) in GSM encoded format, FTP, and HTTP (web browsing). The parameters measured include end-to-end packet delay, file upload time, HTTP page response time, and handoff delay when moving from one network to another. FTP flows are cond with a constant file size of 85000 Kilobytes. Real-time VoIP flows were cond with a constant packet size of 33 bytes. Page size used for HTTP transfers was 3000 bytes. Table 4 shows the response times obtained in the UMTS and the WLAN networks. In the UMTS coverage area, the FTP upload time is on an average 20.071 seconds and as the user enters into the WLAN coverage and switches transmission through the WLAN interface, the upload response time drops to an average of 0.6 seconds. We obtained similar reductions in the case of end-to-end delays obtained for voice (average of 0.348sec in UMTS network and 0.005 sec in WLAN network) and HTTP page retrieval time (average of 1.268 seconds in the UMTS network and 0.032 seconds in the WLAN network). The drop in the response times is most likely due to the higher bandwidth offered by the WLAN network eleven mega bit per second compared to one hundred and forty four kilo bit per second offered by the UMTS network. The handoff delay experienced when moving across the UMTS and WLAN networks. The handoff delay values show that there is very little delay when switching the access interface while moving from UMTS to WLAN. This is because of the implementation of soft handover in which data transmission continues to take place through the UMTS interface until the mobile node is completely associated with the WLAN AP and has received a registration confirmation from the GGSN node. Then the Switching Module directs traffic through the WLAN interface. Since the WLAN network is completely within a UMTS cell, it is possible to achieve a smooth handoff when a user moves into a WLAN coverage area. However, when a user moves out of the WLAN coverage area, the WLAN interface detects a weak beacon and informs the Switching Module. This causes the Switching Module to send an IP Address update message to the GGSN. Since it takes some time for the GGSN to receive this message and update the current IP Address of the DMT, a small handoff delay is experienced. However, traffic on the UMTS uplink channel still experiences no delay since the UMTS interface is active and can be immediately used to transmit data. Packets received from the Internet are slightly delayed. However, this delay is extremely small and does not introduce a large service disruption period. Our proposed and implemented design architecture that enables seamless internetworking between UMTS and WLAN networks has several benefits. First, the WLAN can be deployed as an independent network and combined ownership of the networks is not required. Second, the approach does not require any modifications to existing 802.11 access points. Third, since all traffic passes through the central GGSN node, it is also possible to use common billing and authentication mechanisms. The low handoff involved when moving across these networks makes roaming completely transparent and seamless to the mobile users and is thus well suited to support real-time applications. 7. COMPARISON OF UMTS-WLAN INTERNETWORKING APPROACHES Various approaches for integrating WLANs and 3G networks have been proposed in the literature. Some of these approaches include Mobile-IP [5], Gateway [10], Emulator [5], tight coupling, loose coupling [9], etc. However, each of these approaches integrates the WLAN and 3G networks using the integration point as either SGSN or GGSN. For example, Mobile-IP and Gateway approaches are based on the GGSN-integration (using the Gi interface). The emulator approach is based on the SGSN integration (using the Gb interface). Furthermore, tight coupling is a SGSN-based approach where as Loose coupling is a GGSN-based integration scheme. Other characteristics of these approaches have been outlined in Table 1. Consequently, integrating 3G networks with WLANs requires a design that either uses SGSN or the GGSN as the integration point. Previous research efforts (Tsao et al. [5] etc.) have analyzed the performance of UMTS-WLAN integration approaches with respect to the handoff latency experienced by users while moving from one network to another. In contrast to such previous efforts, the main contributions of this work are as follows: We have analyzed the two basic integration architectures (SGSN-based versus GGSN based) from a design perspective. We evaluated the performance of these integration approaches with respect to the end-to-end packet latency experienced when user traffic from WLAN and UMTS networks is routed through the SGSN (Gi interface) and the GGSN (Gb interface). The latency experienced by the packets in each case is influenced by the operations performed on the different types of WLAN access points connecting the SGSN and the GGSNs. Our results show that the end-to-end packet latency is lower when GGSN is used as the integration point as compared to the SGSN-integration due to the extra processing overheads involved at the specialized WLAN access point used in the latter case. We have proposed a handoff technique that achieves a lower handoff delay as compared to existing GGSN-based handoff approaches (Mobile IP, Gateway, etc.) while switching network access from 3G (UMTS) to WLANs. Our approach achieves a seamless network transition between cellular and wireless local area networks by exploiting soft handoff techniques. Fig. 6 shows a comparison of the handoff delays obtained using different types of 3G-WLAN internetworking approaches. The proposed handoff approach yielded the lowest handoff delay thereby demonstrating better performance compared to previously proposed handoff techniques. We have discussed the design and implementation of a software layer called the Switching Module that enables dual-mode user terminals to perform seamless handovers across cellular and Wireless Local Area Networks using the proposed handoff technique. 8. CONCLUSION Integrated WLAN and UMTS networks benefit users with both high-speed connectivity as well as widespread coverage. Development of architectures that allow interoperability and internetworking between these technologies along with seamless roaming facility is a challenge today. In this work, we have proposed, implemented and evaluated architecture for a dual interface mobile node that implements a dynamic interface switching algorithm based upon the received signal strength of the WLAN beacon signal. The technique enables smooth handoff process to take place while moving across heterogeneous networks such as UMTS and WLANs. The performance evaluation of the architecture shows minimal handoff delay while switching from UMTS to WLAN networks And a slightly higher handoff delay incurred when moving out of the WLAN coverage and switching radio access to the UMTS interface. The small delays obtained make this architecture feasible for use in both real-time as well as non real-time environments. Another feature of our design approach is that it is based on simple IP services and does not require the use of Mobile IP or IPv6 mechanisms for seamless connectivity. REFERENCES 1. IEEE 802.11b, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications-Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band, 1999. 2. H. Luo, Z. Jiang, B. J. Kim, N. K. Shankar, and P. 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Appendix Data Table Of Simulation Table 4 (1UE vs 1UW) UMTS UE FTP Download Response Time with FTP File size File size 1B 50KB 100KB 200KB 500KB 700KB 900KB 1MB 1.5MB 1.8MB 2MB 3MB Seed 1 1.252 21.943 37.783 66.343 182.963 238.849 390.563 370.063 533.349 653.749 724.449 1053.533 Seed 2 1.252 37.369 38.849 61.249 179.069 250.249 344.869 360.849 538.449 646.435 731.235 1071.933 Seed 3 1.253 47.949 38.649 73.249 179.849 252.533 323.049 364.249 561.335 630.633 716.333 1063.932 Seed 4 1.253 27.249 37.749 70.855 176.855 259.273 326.749 363.055 556.533 665.433 711.533 1082.632 Seed 5 1.253 27.835 39.735 77.273 178.653 249.252 324.735 368.733 554.533 651.749 743.053 1061.932 Mean 1.253 32.469 38.553 69.794 179.478 250.031 341.993 365.390 548.840 649.600 725.321 1066.792 95% CI: 1.252 19.700 37.527 62.093 176.701 240.880 306.571 360.566 533.690 633.868 709.851 1053.123 1.253 45.238 39.579 77.495 182.255 259.183 377.415 370.214 563.989 665.331 740.790 1080.462 UW (WLAN Mode) File size 1B 100KB 250KB 800KB 1.5MB 4MB 7MB 12MB 15MB 20MB 30MB 40MB Seed 1 0.195 1.178 2.358 6.338 11.718 30.278 52.458 89.958 112.518 149.798 223.938 298.058 Seed 2 0.189 1.191 2.171 6.351 11.731 30.291 52.471 89.971 112.531 149.831 223.931 298.071 Seed 3 0.184 1.204 2.184 6.364 11.744 30.369 52.484 89.784 112.409 149.624 223.744 297.884 Seed 4 0.191 1.069 2.249 6.429 11.609 30.304 52.549 89.849 112.344 149.715 223.855 297.955 Seed 5 0.198 1.095 2.275 6.455 11.635 30.395 52.575 89.875 112.435 149.689 223.809 297.949 Mean: 0.191 1.147 2.247 6.387 11.687 30.327 52.507 89.887 112.447 149.731 223.855 297.983 95% CI: 0.184 1.071 2.153 6.323 11.611 30.263 52.443 89.790 112.350 149.627 223.753 297.885 0.198 1.223 2.341 6.451 11.763 30.391 52.571 89.984 112.544 149.835 223.957 298.081 Table 5 UMTS UEs Number of Clients Vs FTP Download Response Time Number of UEs 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 Seed 1 39.970 30.263 24.622 22.263 20.563 19.963 19.414 19.363 Seed 2 39.852 30.539 24.516 22.305 20.586 19.931 19.361 19.480 Seed 3 39.955 30.540 24.534 22.358 20.575 19.915 19.399 19.438 Seed 4 39.954 30.529 24.520 22.173 20.586 19.947 19.450 19.403 Seed 5 39.852 30.527 24.527 22.292 20.527 19.937 19.527 19.377 Mean: 39.916 30.480 24.544 22.278 20.567 19.939 19.430 19.412 95% CI: 39.843 30.329 24.489 22.194 20.537 19.917 19.352 19.353 39.990 30.630 24.598 22.363 20.597 19.961 19.508 19.471 No of users (COUNT) 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 Seed 1 19.263 19.163 19.063 18.663 18.283 18.279 18.275 Seed 2 19.323 19.314 19.004 18.560 18.288 18.330 18.322 Seed 3 19.235 19.262 19.004 18.645 18.317 18.255 18.314 Seed 4 19.329 19.162 19.130 18.934 18.280 18.270 18.288 Seed 5 19.231 19.160 19.022 18.726 18.338 18.274 18.274 Mean: 19.276 19.212 19.045 18.705 18.301 18.282 18.294 95% CI: 19.218 19.123 18.978 18.531 18.270 18.247 18.267 19.335 19.301 19.111 18.880 18.332 18.317 18.322 (WLAN Mode) WLAN_UMTS UWs No of UWs 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 Seed 1 0.5326 0.5327 0.5358 0.5418 0.5383 0.5326 0.5268 0.5217 0.5358 Seed 2 0.5323 0.5268 0.5420 0.5508 0.5470 0.5323 0.5327 0.5225 0.5420 Seed 3 0.5200 0.5348 0.5384 0.5447 0.5344 0.5200 0.5268 0.5266 0.5384 Seed 4 0.5271 0.5348 0.5568 0.5409 0.5198 0.5271 0.5348 0.5267 0.5568 Seed 5 0.5235 0.5229 0.5253 0.5394 0.5454 0.5235 0.5229 0.5251 0.5253 Mean: 00.527 00.530 00.539 00.543 00.537 00.527 00.528 00.524 00.539 95%CI: 0.2503 0.2538 0.5255 0.5379 0.5234 0.5203 0.5228 0.5216 0.5255 0.5339 0.5370 0.5539 0.5491 0.5505 0.5339 0.5348 0.5275 0.5539 No of UWs (COUNT) 12 10 08 06 04 02 Seed 1 0.5418 0.5383 0.5430 0.5629 0.5428 0.5960 Seed 2 0.5508 0.5470 0.5402 0.5469 0.5858 0.5567 Seed 3 0.5447 0.5344 0.5460 0.5617 0.5273 0.5224 Seed 4 0.5409 0.5198 0.5348 0.5465 0.5353 0.5395 Seed 5 0.5394 0.5454 0.5558 0.5684 0.5481 0.5224 Mean: 0.5435 0.5370 0.5440 0.5573 0.5479 0.5474 95%CI: 0.5379 0.5234 0.5343 0.5449 0.5198 0.5093 0.5491 0.5505 0.5536 0.5697 0.5759 0.5855 Table 6 (UEs vs UWs) (UEs vs UWs) No of Clients Vs Web Page Response Time No of UEs 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 Seed 1 19.426 16.060 13.760 12.456 11.559 10.599 9.959 Seed 2 19.438 16.140 13.641 12.538 11.739 10.354 10.034 Seed 3 19.443 16.041 13.837 12.742 11.651 10.436 9.954 Seed 4 19.535 16.239 13.738 12.641 11.539 10.541 9.862 Seed 5 19.739 16.141 13.643 12.838 11.541 10.545 10.039 Mean: 19.516 16.124 13.724 12.643 11.606 10.495 9.969 95%CI: 19.353 16.027 13.621 12.453 11.497 10.373 9.880 19.680 6.222 13.827 12.833 11.715 10.617 10.059 No of UEs 16 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 Seed 1 9.585 9.185 8.685 8.285 8.184 8.144 8.084 8.004 Seed 2 9.638 9.253 8.660 8.347 8.195 8.174 8.086 8.098 Seed 3 9.543 9.244 8.748 8.353 8.177 8.157 8.089 8.049 Seed 4 9.551 9.153 8.753 8.344 8.161 8.139 8.092 8.056 Seed 5 9.641 9.141 8.651 8.338 8.209 8.154 8.080 8.031 Mean: 9.592 9.195 8.699 8.334 8.185 8.154 8.086 8.048 95%CI: 9.534 9.132 8.639 8.299 8.163 8.137 8.080 8.005 9.649 9.259 8.759 8.368 8.208 8.171 8.092 8.091 No of UWs 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 Seed 1 0.2409 0.2258 0.2352 0.2384 0.2444 0.2490 0.2285 0.2352 Seed 2 0.2420 0.2401 0.2389 0.2418 0.2456 0.2420 0.2401 0.2389 Seed 3 0.2367 0.2499 0.2360 0.2409 0.2453 0.2367 0.2299 0.2360 Seed 4 0.2453 0.2412 0.2411 0.2384 0.2444 0.2453 0.2412 0.2411 Seed 5 0.2328 0.2339 0.2397 0.2428 0.2425 0.2382 0.2393 0.2397 Mean: 00.240 00.237 00.238 00.240 00.244 00.240 00.237 00.238 95%CI: 0.2317 0.2239 0.2351 0.2380 0.2430 0.2371 0.2293 0.2351 0.2430 0.2455 0.2413 0.2429 0.2459 0.2430 0.2455 0.2413 No of 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 UWs Seed 1 0.2384 0.2444 0.2395 0.2450 0.2493 0.2479 0.2510 Seed 2 0.2418 0.2456 0.2409 0.2451 0.244 0.2496 0.2513 Seed 3 0.2409 0.2453 0.2410 0.2440 0.2443 0.2428 0.2432 Seed 4 0.2384 0.2444 0.2483 0.2392 0.2428 0.2476 0.2619 Seed 5 0.2428 0.2425 0.2470 0.2511 0.2527 0.2494 0.2432 95% CI: 0.2380 0.2430 0.2383 0.2396 0.2417 0.2440 0.2405 Mean: 00.240 00.244 00.243 00.244 00.246 00.247 00.250 00.242 00.245 00.248 00.250 00.251 00.250 00.259 Table 7 (WLAN vs UW) WLAN Client FTP Download Response Time vs FTP File size File size 1B 100KB 250KB 800KB 1.5MB 4MB 7MB 12MB Seed 1 0.195 1.178 2.358 6.338 11.718 30.278 52.458 89.958 Seed 2 0.189 1.191 2.171 6.351 11.731 30.291 52.471 89.971 Seed 3 0.184 1.204 2.184 6.364 11.744 30.369 52.484 89.784 Seed 4 0.191 1.069 2.249 6.429 11.609 30.304 52.549 89.849 Seed 5 0.198 1.095 2.275 6.455 11.635 30.395 52.575 89.875 Mean: 0.191 1.147 2.247 6.387 11.687 30.327 52.507 89.887 95% CI: 0.184 1.071 2.153 6.323 11.611 30.263 52.443 89.790 0.198 1.223 2.341 6.451 11.763 30.391 52.571 89.984 FTP File size 15MB 20MB 30MB 40MB 60MB 80MB 100MB Seed 1 112.518 149.798 223.938 298.058 448.738 599.358 749.735 Seed 2 112.531 149.831 223.931 298.071 448.751 599.371 749.709 Seed 3 112.409 149.624 223.744 297.884 448.564 599.184 749.644 Seed 4 112.344 149.715 223.855 297.955 448.609 599.249 749.791 Seed 5 112.435 149.689 223.809 297.949 448.635 599.275 749.778 Mean: 112.447 149.731 223.855 297.983 448.659 599.287 749.731 95% CI: 112.350 149.627 223.753 297.885 448.557 599.190 749.658 112.544 149.835 223.957 298.081 448.761 599.384 749.804 UW (WLAN Mode) File size 1B 100KB 250KB 800KB 1.5MB 4MB 7MB 12MB Seed 1 0.042 0.395 0.770 2.010 3.410 8.850 15.272 25.990 Seed 2 0.026 0.363 0.737 1.977 3.377 8.817 15.240 25.957 Seed 3 0.027 0.331 0.705 1.945 3.345 8.824 15.208 25.925 Seed 4 0.040 0.369 0.744 1.984 3.384 8.785 15.246 25.964 Seed 5 0.032 0.505 0.679 1.919 3.519 8.759 15.182 25.899 Mean: .033 0.393 0.727 1.967 3.407 8.807 15.229 25.947 95% CI: 0.025 0.310 0.683 1.923 3.324 8.763 15.186 25.903 0.042 0.475 0.771 2.011 3.490 8.851 15.273 25.991 File size 15MB 20MB 30MB 40MB 60MB 80MB 100MB Seed 1 32.410 43.112 64.530 85.950 128.790 171.604 214.359 Seed 2 32.377 43.080 64.497 85.917 128.757 171.572 214.424 Seed 3 32.384 43.048 64.465 85.885 128.725 171.540 214.385 Seed 4 32.345 43.022 64.439 85.859 128.764 171.579 214.417 Seed 5 32.319 43.086 64.504 85.924 128.699 171.514 214.450 Mean: 32.367 43.070 64.487 85.907 128.747 171.562 214.407 95% CI: 32.323 43.026 64.443 85.863 128.703 171.518 214.363 32.411 43.113 64.531 85.951 128.791 171.606 214.451 Table 8 WLAN Mode (UWs) No of UW 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Seed 1 0.251 0.248 0.249 0.245 0.239 0.244 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 Seed 2 0.251 0.250 0.245 0.245 0.241 0.246 0.241 0.240 0.240 0.241 Seed 3 0.243 0.243 0.244 0.244 0.241 0.245 0.243 0.241 0.241 0.240 Seed 4 0.262 0.248 0.243 0.251 0.248 0.244 0.241 0.240 0.239 0.244 Seed 5 0.243 0.249 0.253 0.251 0.247 0.243 0.243 0.241 0.241 0.241 Mean: 00.25 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 00.24 95% CI: 0.241 0.244 0.242 0.243 0.238 0.243 0.241 0.240 0.239 0.239 0.260 0.251 0.252 0.252 0.248 0.246 0.243 0.241 0.242 0.243 Table 9 UMTS Mode (UWs) No of Clients Vs FTP Download Response Time No of UWs 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Seed 1 0.596 0.543 0.563 0.543 0.538 0.542 0.536 0.529 0.533 0.533 Seed 2 0.557 0.586 0.547 0.540 0.547 0.551 0.542 0.525 0.533 0.533 Seed 3 0.540 0.527 0.562 0.546 0.534 0.545 0.538 0.529 0.527 0.532 Seed 4 0.557 0.535 0.547 0.535 0.545 0.541 0.557 0.529 0.535 0.527 Seed 5 0.540 0.548 0.568 0.556 0.545 0.539 0.525 0.525 0.523 0.524 Mean: 00.55 00.54 0 0.55 0 0.54 00.54 00.54 00.54 00.52 00.53 00.53 95% CI: 0.529 0.520 0.545 0.534 0.535 0.538 0.525 0.525 0.524 0.524 0.586 0.576 0.570 0.554 0.549 0.549 0.554 0.530 0.536 0.535 TABLE 10 (Heavy Traffic Load) Number of UWs Vs Web Page Response Time No of UWs 2 6 10 16 20 23 25 28 30 Seed 1 1.140 1.347 1.516 1.538 1.950 2.718 4.546 7.947 15.663 Seed 2 1.298 1.357 1.347 1.343 1.754 2.649 4.546 8.355 15.565 Seed 3 1.349 1.439 1.353 1.651 1.836 2.789 4.160 8.177 15.734 Seed 4 1.356 1.354 1.444 1.441 1.941 2.860 4.548 7.961 15.854 Seed 5 1.256 1.239 1.738 1.832 1.945 2.757 4.526 7.965 15.562 Mean: 1.280 1.353 1.480 1.561 1.885 2.754 4.466 8.081 15.676 95% CI: 1.170 1.263 1.281 1.325 1.776 2.657 4.254 7.857 15.523 1.390 1.442 1.679 1.797 1.994 2.852 4.678 8.305 15.828

Organizational Behavior Terms and Concepts Essays

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Public Sphere Citizenship in the Age of Internet

Question: Discuss about thePublic Spherefor Citizenship in the Age of Internet. Answer: Introduction: Citizenship is a phenomenon that happens to be synonymous with the concept of statesmanship and national identities. Citizens of nations are formed with the help of certain very complex dynamics. Public opinion is one of the major elements that contributes to the formation of citizenship and is also a product of citizenship itself. Public opinion is something that is formed with the help of the popular media. In the earlier times before the advent of the internet, the newspapers were the most popular media through which current affairs did circulate amongst the citizens of the various nations and also helped in the formation of the identity of citizenship,. However with the advent of the internet and its related to phenomenon, the popularity of newspapers have undergone a major decline. This is a fact that is much evident from the slow decline in the rate of sale of the newspapers. In this discussion we shall examine the effects of internet and its related media on the way current affairs information are circulated amongst the people of the world and its impact on the phenomenon of citizenship(Papacharissi). Discussion: The media has undergone a huge change with the advent of the finer quality technology. In this context we see that more refine technology in the field of journalism has added a new edge to the profession. In the current times we see that with the help of technology the grasp and the clutches of journalism has become all the more far reaching. The quality and the genera of news happen to be far stretched. In addition to the same we see that the reach of journalism has also undergone a massive change and has expounded in a terrific manner. This can be attributed just due to the elevated level of technology that is involved in the distribution of news. The advent of the internet and its allied channels has led to news and journalism becoming all the more far reaching. It can be said without a doubt that just as the advent and the arrival of the internet and the web pages most have affected the sale rate and the easiness of the newspapers, it has also revolutionised the whole picture o c urrent affairs. News ion the present era is facility that is juts a click away from the readers. Again people no longer need to buy extra newspapers to get the updated news. It is available over the internet and can be very easily accessed over the mobile phones(Dahlgren). The quality of the media has also undergone massive change. In the earlier times the genres that were touched by the media were very restricted. This has undergone a massive transformation in the current times. The readers now can take look at various types of news and events that is occurring in the most distant parts of the world. In addition we see that news in the current times happens to be all the more extensive. Different topics are included within the realm of news. On one hand id we get a glimpse into the political current affairs, side by side we also get a good insight into the fashion trends that are continuing in the various parts of the world. Once again we see that cinema again has attained a global character, where interests are no longer restrained to only national subjects. Cross over films is a very common thing in the current times. The various topics that are being included into media are quite overwhelming. This is in fact one of the major catalysts that is help ing in the formation of the public opinion. In fact the current character of the modern citizens is greatly due to the influence of the media(Loader). Summation: A final summation of the discussion shall re veal the fact that the media in the current times do create a huge impact and influence on the global citizens. The global citizens are acquiring their character from the influences of the media. In alignment to which we find that technology has provided a huge boost to the phenomenon of media and that media has really transformed its dimensions in the current era. Thanks to the redefined reach of modern technology. The internet has truly helped in the process. It is through the services of the internet that news has become a far reaching phenomenon that can touch over different elements of the global society. The common man is more engaged in the whole process. References: Dahlgren, Peter. The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584600590933160. Political Communication 22 (2005): 147-162. Loader, Brian D. A Transnational Public Sphere for a Digital Generation? 15 August 2014. 1 November 2016 https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/15/a-transnational-public-sphere-for-a-digital-generation/. Papacharissi, Zizi. The Virtual Sphere 2.0: The Internet, the Public Sphere and beyond . 2008. 1 November 2016 https://www.ciberdemocracia.net/victorsampedro/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Papacharissi-The-Virtual-Sphere-Revisited-Handbook.pdf.